MK5GC

MK5GC

Kev Piav Qhia Luv:

Cov khoom MK5GC yog cov khoom siv 5G core network uas tsis hnyav raws li 3GPP tus qauv protocol. Cov khoom siv SBA microservice architecture los ua tiav kev sib cais tag nrho ntawm network element (NE) functions thiab hardware functions, thiab tuaj yeem xa mus rau ntau yam huab thiab x86 servers. MK5GC tuaj yeem pab cov neeg siv network ntiag tug los tsim 5G core network sai, yooj ywm thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo ntawm tus nqi qis heev, ua tau raws li ntau yam kev siv ntawm cov neeg siv network ntiag tug, thiab pab cov neeg siv network ntiag tug kom hloov pauv digital thiab hloov pauv ntse.


Cov Lus Qhia Txog Khoom

Cov Cim Npe Khoom

Kev Taw Qhia

Kev Taw Qhia Txog Khoom

Cov khoom MK5GC yog cov khoom siv 5G core network uas tsis hnyav raws li 3GPP tus qauv protocol. Cov khoom siv SBA microservice architecture los ua tiav kev sib cais tag nrho ntawm network element (NE) functions thiab hardware functions, thiab tuaj yeem xa mus rau ntau yam huab thiab x86 servers. MK5GC tuaj yeem pab cov neeg siv network ntiag tug los tsim 5G core network sai, yooj ywm thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo ntawm tus nqi qis heev, ua tau raws li ntau yam kev siv ntawm cov neeg siv network ntiag tug, thiab pab cov neeg siv network ntiag tug kom hloov pauv digital thiab hloov pauv ntse.

Cov qauv network uas txhawb nqa tam sim no tau qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab hauv qab no:

Daim Duab 1 Daim duab kos ntawm lub cev MK5GC

Daim Duab 1 Daim duab kos ntawm lub cev MK5GC

Txhua qhov interfaces ntawm cov ntsiab lus network raug siv raws li tus qauv 3 GPP.

Kev piav qhia txog kev ua haujlwm

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom thiab cov haujlwm ua lag luam

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom

• Lub SBA microservice architecture raws li 3GPP

• Siv tau qhov kev xa tawm lub thawv virtualization huab

• SA kev sib txuas lus ywj pheej

• Kev sib cais CU

• Txhawb kev faib tawm network

• Txhawb nqa ob qho tib si kev xa tawm hauv nruab nrab thiab kev faib tawm

• Kev txhawb nqa rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub network

• Kev txhawb nqa kev hloov pauv

• Txhawb nqa lub suab VoNR, cov lus luv luv

 

Kev ua haujlwm lag luam

➢ Kev tswj hwm nto: 5G kev lees paub encryption thiab decryption, kev sau npe, de-registration, paging, kev thov ua lag luam, Kev tso tawm, kev tswj hwm cov ntaub ntawv neeg siv, kev txwv kev txav mus los, kev txwv thaj chaw, kev tsim kev sib tham, kev hloov kho thiab kev tso tawm, kev xaiv UPF, kev hloov pauv, lub suab thiab cov lus luv luv.
➢ Cov ntaub ntawv nto: txhawb nqa peb-txheej thiab plaub-txheej pob khoom txheeb xyuas thiab xa txoj cai, gating thiab QoS-raws li kev tswj hwm ntws, PFCP kev tswj hwm kev sib tham, kev tshaj tawm siv thiab cov ntaub ntawv txheeb cais thiab lwm yam haujlwm.
➢ Kev txhawb nqa interface Raws li 3GPP tus qauv txhawb nqa,

N1 / N2 / N3 / N4 / N5 / N6 / N7 / N8 / N9 / N10 / N11 / N12 / N13 / N14 / N15 / N22 / N26, Txhawb nqa SBI-raws li kev pabcuam interface, uas tuaj yeem ua tau raws li kev ywj pheej lossis kev sib koom ua ke ntawm txhua lub network.

Daim ntawv teev cov haujlwm kom ntxaws

kev ua haujlwm

kev ua haujlwm me

piav qhia

Txawm yog kev txhawb nqalos yog tsis yog

Kev Pabcuam

Kev sau npe rau kev pabcuam

 

kev txhawb nqa

Kev rho tawm kev sau npe rau kev pabcuam

 

kev txhawb nqa

Kev tshawb pom kev pabcuam

 

kev txhawb nqa

Kev hloov tshiab ntawm kev pabcuam

 

kev txhawb nqa

Kev tso cai rau kev pabcuam

 

kev txhawb nqa

Daim ntawv ceeb toom txog kev sau npe rau cov xwm txheej kev pabcuam

 

kev txhawb nqa

kev ruaj ntseg ntawm kev sib txuas lus

AMF

Kev ceev ntiag tug ntawm tus neeg siv

kev txhawb nqa

5 Daim ntawv pov thawj GAKA

kev txhawb nqa

Kev zam rau kev sau npe UE yam tsis muaj kev cog lus ua lag luam 5G

kev txhawb nqa

NAS rau kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv kev ua si rov qab

kev txhawb nqa

Kev tiv thaiv kev poob qis rau Xn switching

kev txhawb nqa

N2 Kev Hloov/Tsiv Chaw Sau Npe Hloov kho qhov kev xaiv NAS tiv thaiv algorithm hloov los ntawm AMF

kev txhawb nqa

Kev tswj hwm kev ruaj ntseg ntawm UE tsis raug lossis tsis lees txais

kev txhawb nqa

Hom kev ruaj ntseg NAS, kev ncaj ncees, thiab kev tiv thaiv encryption

kev txhawb nqa

Hloov ntawm tus yuam sij zais cia thiab kev sib tham txog algorithm

kev txhawb nqa

Kev lees paub nkag mus thiab kev txhawb nqa tsis zoo

kev txhawb nqa

Kev faib tawm 5G GUTI dua tshiab

kev txhawb nqa

SMF

Txoj cai tswjfwm kev ruaj ntseg ntawm tus neeg siv interface tseem ceeb

kev txhawb nqa

Lub SMF kuaj xyuas txoj cai kev ruaj ntseg ntawm tus neeg siv interface hauv Xn switching

kev txhawb nqa

UPF

Kev tiv thaiv cov ntaub ntawv ntiag tug ntawm tus neeg siv N3 interface

kev txhawb nqa

Kev tiv thaiv cov ntaub ntawv siv N3 interface

kev txhawb nqa

Cov ntaub ntawv neeg siv interface N3 tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv rov ua dua

kev txhawb nqa

Kev tiv thaiv cov ntaub ntawv neeg siv ntawm N9 interface hauv PLMN

kev txhawb nqa

N4 interface rau kev tiv thaiv cov ntaub ntawv signaling

kev txhawb nqa

Kev sib txuas, kev sau npe, thiab kev tswj hwm kev txav mus los

Sau npe / mus rau kev sau npe

Kev Sau Npe Thawj Zaug ntawm UE (SUCI)

kev txhawb nqa

Kev Sau Npe Thawj Zaug ntawm UE (5G-GUTI)

kev txhawb nqa

Kev hloov tshiab rau kev sau npe mus los

kev txhawb nqa

Kev sau npe tsis tu ncua

kev txhawb nqa

Lub EU pib tshem tawm kev sau npe ib txwm muaj

kev txhawb nqa

EU pib kaw kev sau npe tsis pub lwm tus paub

kev txhawb nqa

Lub AMF pib qhov kev rho tawm npe

kev txhawb nqa

UDM pib qhov kev rho tawm npe

kev txhawb nqa

Kev tshem tawm kev sau npe tsis qhia meej

kev txhawb nqa

Kev thov kev pabcuam

Ib qho kev thov ua lag luam pib los ntawm UE, lub xeev tsis ua haujlwm

kev txhawb nqa

Ib qho kev thov ua lag luam uas UE pib, lub xeev kev sib txuas

kev txhawb nqa

Muaj cov ntaub ntawv downlink nyob rau sab network, ua rau muaj kev thov kev pabcuam

kev txhawb nqa

Muaj ib qho downlink signaling nyob rau sab network, ua rau muaj kev thov kev pabcuam

kev txhawb nqa

Cov txheej txheem tso tawm AN

Cov txheej txheem tso tawm AN uas tau pib los ntawm RAN

kev txhawb nqa

Cov dej ntws tso tawm AN uas tau pib los ntawm AMF

kev txhawb nqa

Kev tswj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus neeg siv

Daim ntawv ceeb toom hloov kho cov ntaub ntawv kos npe AMF

kev txhawb nqa

Daim ntawv ceeb toom hloov kho cov ntaub ntawv kos npe SMF

kev txhawb nqa

AMF pib cov txheej txheem Purge

kev txhawb nqa

Kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm kev teeb tsa

AMF pib qhov hloov tshiab ntawm AMF

kev txhawb nqa

AMF pib qhov kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm UE

kev txhawb nqa

Kev txwv ntawm kev txav mus los

Kev txwv RAT

kev txhawb nqa

Kev txwv tsis pub nkag mus rau thaj chaw txwv tsis pub nkag

kev txhawb nqa

Kev txwv ntawm thaj chaw pabcuam

kev txhawb nqa

Kev tswj hwm kev nkag tau yooj yim

Kev tswj hwm kev ncav cuag UE hauv lub xeev tsis ua haujlwm

kev txhawb nqa

Hom MICO

kev txhawb nqa

kev tswj xyuas kev sib tham

Kev tsim tsa lub rooj sib tham

UE pib tsim kev sib tham, txhawb nqa v4 / v6 / v4v6

kev txhawb nqa

Kev hloov kho lub rooj sib tham

Kev hloov kho ntawm PDU lub rooj sib tham

kev txhawb nqa

Cov kev hloov pauv ntawm UDM pib lub rooj sib tham PDU

kev txhawb nqa

Cov kev hloov pauv ntawm PCF pib lub rooj sib tham PDU

kev txhawb nqa

Kev tso tawm ntawm lub rooj sib tham

Lub UE tau pib qhov kev tso tawm ntawm lub rooj sib tham

kev txhawb nqa

Kev tso tawm ntawm lub rooj sib tham tau pib rau sab network

kev txhawb nqa

Hom SSC

Cov txheej txheem hloov pauv ntawm PDC kev sib tham rau SSC hom 2

kev txhawb nqa

Cov txheej txheem hloov pauv ntawm PDU session anchor rau Multiple PDU session SSC hom 3

kev txhawb nqa

Cov txheej txheem hloov pauv PDU rau IPV6 ntau hom tsev SSC hom 3

kev txhawb nqa

Kev hloov pauv ntawm ULCL uplink

Ntxiv cov ntsiab lus sib koom ua ke ntawm PDU thiab cov ntsiab lus ceg ntawm ULCL

kev txhawb nqa

Tshem tawm qhov sib koom ua ke ntawm PDU thiab qhov chaw ceg ntawm ULCL

kev txhawb nqa

Hloov kho cov ULCL thiab PDU sib koom ua ke

kev txhawb nqa

Ntxiv cov ntsiab lus sib txuas ntawm PDU thiab cov ntsiab lus ceg ntawm ULCL sib cais

kev txhawb nqa

Tshem tawm cov ntsiab lus sib txuas ntawm PDU thiab cov ntsiab lus ceg ntawm ULCL sib cais

kev txhawb nqa

Hloov kho cov ntsiab lus sib txuas ntawm PDU thiab cov ntsiab lus ceg ntawm ULCL sib cais

kev txhawb nqa

LADN muaj nuj nqi

Kev tsim kom muaj kev sib tham hauv network cov ntaub ntawv hauv zos

kev txhawb nqa

Kev tso tawm ntawm lub rooj sib tham uas UE tawm hauv thaj chaw pabcuam hauv zos

kev txhawb nqa

Kev kaw qhov kev sib txuas ntawm PDU session user interface uas UE ua rau tawm hauv thaj chaw pabcuam network data hauv zos

kev txhawb nqa

PDU session user interface kom qhib tau

 

kev txhawb nqa

kev hloov pauv

Kev hloov pauv Xn

Kev hloov Xn, tsis muaj kev xaiv dua UPF

kev txhawb nqa

Xn hloov, ntxig I-UPF

kev txhawb nqa

Xn hloov, xaiv I-UPF dua

kev txhawb nqa

N2 hloov pauv

Kev hloov N2, tsis muaj kev xaiv dua UPF

kev txhawb nqa

N2 hloov, rov xaiv I-UPF

kev txhawb nqa

N2 hloov, rov xaiv AMF

kev txhawb nqa

Kev sib koom tes ntawm 4G/5G

4G/5G hloov

5G txog 4G

kev txhawb nqa

cov lus qhia txog txoj haujlwm

Cov txheej txheem qhia txog qhov chaw

 

kev txhawb nqa

kev tswj hwm txoj kev npaj

Kev tswj hwm txoj kev npaj AM

Kev tsim cov koom haum txoj cai AM

kev txhawb nqa

Kev hloov kho ntawm cov koom haum txoj cai AM

kev txhawb nqa

Qhov kawg ntawm AM txoj cai koom tes

kev txhawb nqa

Kev tswj hwm txoj kev npaj SM

Kev tsim cov koom haum txoj cai SM

kev txhawb nqa

Kev hloov kho ntawm cov koom haum txoj cai SM

kev txhawb nqa

Qhov kawg ntawm lub koom haum txoj cai SM

kev txhawb nqa

Daim ntawm lub network

Kev xa tawm ntawm daim hlais

 

kev txhawb nqa

Kev rho tawm daim

 

kev txhawb nqa

Kev xaiv daim

Kev xaiv cov ntawv sau npe thawj zaug

kev txhawb nqa

Kev hloov pauv ntawm AMF, raws li daim

kev txhawb nqa

Kev xaiv cov ntu pib tsim lub rooj sib tham PDU

kev txhawb nqa

Kho cov hlais kom xa mus rau cov txheej txheem tshiab

kev txhawb nqa

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv

Kev txheeb xyuas thiab xa mus rau kev pabcuam

Cov cai peb theem txheeb xyuas thiab xa mus rau IPv4

kev txhawb nqa

Cov cai peb theem txheeb xyuas thiab xa mus rau IPv6

kev txhawb nqa

Cov cai plaub txheej txheeb xyuas thiab xa mus rau pem hauv ntej

kev txhawb nqa

Kev txheeb xyuas HTTP protocol

kev txhawb nqa

Kev txheeb xyuas DNS, FTP, thiab MQTT protocol

kev txhawb nqa

URL sib txawv

kev txhawb nqa

Kev hloov pauv kev pabcuam

Kev hloov pauv kev pabcuam raws li ULCL

kev txhawb nqa

Kev hloov pauv kev pabcuam raws li Multi-homing

kev txhawb nqa

Tus cim qhia qhov kawg

Hloov, UPF tsis hloov pauv, UPF xa pob ntawv End marker raws li cov lus qhia ntawm SMF

kev txhawb nqa

Hloov, UPF hloov pauv, UPF xa cov pob ntawv End marker raws li cov lus qhia ntawm SMF

kev txhawb nqa

Cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia

Cov ntaub ntawv cache ntawm UPF downlink raws li qhia los ntawm SMF

kev txhawb nqa

Kev ua tiav ntawm txoj kev npaj

UPF tau txais thiab ua raws li cov cai tswjfwm uas SMF tau muab.

kev txhawb nqa

 

UPF tau txais thiab ua raws li cov cai QoS uas SMF tau muab.

kev txhawb nqa

Kev koom tes N4

Kev tsim kom muaj kev sib koom tes N4, hloov kho tshiab, tso tawm thiab kev kuaj lub plawv dhia

kev txhawb nqa

Kev sib tham N4

Kev tsim, hloov kho tshiab, thiab kev tso tawm ntawm N4 cov kev sib tham

kev txhawb nqa

Kev tshaj tawm theem kev sib tham ntawm N4 interface

Daim ntawv qhia txog kev siv

kev txhawb nqa

Daim ntawv qhia txog kev kuaj pom tsheb khiav

kev txhawb nqa

Daim ntawv qhia txog cov ntaub ntawv tsis ua haujlwm

kev txhawb nqa

Kev tshaj tawm txog kev ua ub no ntawm PDU

kev txhawb nqa

Txoj cai thiab kev tswj hwm kev them nqi

Txoj cai tswj kev sib tham

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub qhov rooj

kev txhawb nqa

Kev tswj hwm txoj cai QoS thiab kev ua tiav

kev txhawb nqa

Qos Flow binding

kev txhawb nqa

Kev hloov kho txoj cai tswj kev sib tham uas tau pib los ntawm SMF

kev txhawb nqa

Kev hloov kho txoj cai tswj kev sib tham uas PCF tau pib ua

kev txhawb nqa

Txoj cai tswj kev sib tham xaus los ntawm SMF

kev txhawb nqa

Kev tswj hwm txoj cai nkag mus thiab kev txav mus los

Kev tsim kom muaj txoj cai nkag mus thiab txav mus los

kev txhawb nqa

AMF tau pib hloov kho txoj cai nkag mus thiab kev txav mus los

kev txhawb nqa

PCF tau pib hloov txoj cai nkag mus thiab kev txav mus los

kev txhawb nqa

AMF pib xaus txoj cai nkag mus thiab kev txav mus los

kev txhawb nqa

Kev tswj hwm kev them nqi

cov quotas uas tau tswj hwm

kev txhawb nqa

Kev tshaj tawm raws li cov ntaub ntawv tsheb khiav

kev txhawb nqa

Kev tswj hwm cov ntsiab lus ntawm network

Kev tswj hwm ua ke ntawm NE, tuaj yeem txhawb nqa NE kev teeb tsa, nug NE lub xeev, NE rov pib dua thiab lwm yam haujlwm.

kev 2

Daim Duab 2 Cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa AMF NE

ywb 3

Daim Duab 3 Cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa SMF NE

kev 4

Daim Duab 4 Cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa UDM NE

kev 5

Daim Duab 5 Cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa UPF NE

kev 6

Daim Duab 6 NE qhov xwm txheej tso saib

Nws tuaj yeem saib xyuas tus naj npawb ntawm cov chaw nres tsheb hauv online thiab UE hauv lub sijhawm tiag tiag, thiab them sai sai rau cpu, nco, disk thiab lwm yam mob hauv lub sijhawm tiag tiag.

xoj 7

Daim Duab 7. Kev saib xyuas tiag tiag

Qhov xwm txheej ntawm UE online thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem saib tau tiag tiag.

ywb 8

Daim Duab 8. Cov Ntaub Ntawv UE Hauv Online

Saib lub sijhawm tiag tiag ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm chaw nres tsheb hauv online thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb.

kev 9

Daim Duab 9. Cov ntaub ntawv chaw nres tsheb hauv online

Koj tuaj yeem saib cov ntaub ntawv txheeb cais ntawm NE signaling.

kev 10

Daim Duab 10 Cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog NE

Koj tuaj yeem saib cov ntaub ntawv ntws hauv lub sijhawm tiag tiag.

kev 11

Daim Duab 11 Cov ntaub ntawv ntws

Cov Lus Qhia Tshwj Xeeb

Lub network tseem ceeb uas tsis hnyav tam sim no muaj plaub qhov kev qhia tshwj xeeb, cov ntsuas yog raws li nram no.

Cov khoom me me 5GC

Me Me 5GC

Tus naj npawb siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov chaw nres tsheb sib txuas

1-4

Tus naj npawb siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg siv online

200

kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub system

1Gbps

Kev ua virtual / kev ntim khoom

Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm mos thiab tawv

1 + 1 qhov tseem ceeb thaub qab kev puas tsuaj rov qab los

kev tsis txhawb nqa

Kev xa tawm ua ke lossis sawv ntawm ib leeg

sib koom ua ke

Cov lus qhia txog kho vajtse

CPU 4-core 2.0G 8GB nco 256GB SSD,

4 * 1G NIC

lub hwj chim

Lub zog fais fab: 84W

qhov loj ntawm cov khoom

180 × 125 × 55 hli

qhov kub thiab txias ib puag ncig

Ib puag ncig siv tau: cia kub-20 ℃ ~ 70 ℃Kub ua haujlwm: -20 ℃ ~ 60 ℃

Cov av noo cia: -40 ℃ ~ 80 ℃

Ua haujlwm av noo: 5% -95% txheeb ze av noo, tsis muaj condensation

kev 12

Daim Duab 12 Cov Khoom Siv Kho Vajtse ntawm cov khoom me me

Cov khoom me me 5GC

Me 5GC

Tus naj npawb siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov chaw nres tsheb sib txuas

10

Tus naj npawb siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg siv online

4000

kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub system

3Gbps

Kev ua virtual / kev ntim khoom

Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm mos thiab tawv

1 + 1 qhov tseem ceeb thaub qab kev puas tsuaj rov qab los

kev tsis txhawb nqa

Kev xa tawm ua ke lossis sawv ntawm ib leeg

sib koom ua ke

Cov lus qhia txog kho vajtse

CPU 20 Xov 2.1G 8GB nco 500GB SSD,

2 * 10G NIC, 2 * 1G NIC

lub hwj chim

Lub zog fais fab: 250W

qhov kub thiab txias ib puag ncig

Ib puag ncig siv tau: cia kub-20 ℃ ~ 70 ℃Kub ua haujlwm: -10 ℃ ~ 60 ℃

Cov av noo cia: -40 ℃ ~ 80 ℃

Ua haujlwm av noo: 5% -95% txheeb ze av noo, tsis muaj condensation

kev 13

Daim Duab 13 Kho vajtse ntawm cov khoom me me 5GC

Khoom siv 5GC uas tsis hnyav

Nyob ntawm cov khoom siv kho vajtse, tuaj yeem muaj ntau yam kev qhia tshwj xeeb sib txawv.

Sib dua 5GC

Tus naj npawb siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov chaw nres tsheb sib txuas

50

Tus naj npawb siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg siv online

10,000

kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub system

15Gbps

Kev ua virtual / kev ntim khoom

kev txhawb nqa

1 + 1 qhov tseem ceeb thaub qab kev puas tsuaj rov qab los

kev txhawb nqa

Kev xa tawm ua ke lossis sawv ntawm ib leeg

kev txhawb nqa

Cov lus qhia txog kho vajtse

CPU 24 Xov 2.1G 16GB nco 500GB SSD,

2 * 25G NIC, 2 * 1G NIC

Daim ntawv kho vajtse tuaj yeem yog ib lub server txheem sib cais, lossis kev xa mus rau lub chaw khaws ntaub ntawv ntiag tug.

kev 14

Daim Duab 14 Cov khoom siv kho vajtse rau lub server thoob ntiaj teb

Cov khoom txheem 5GC

Cov khoom lag luam 5GC txheem tuaj yeem xa tawm raws li qhov xav tau tiag tiag, xws li cov tshuab virtual, cov thawv, lossis cov servers.

Tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg siv nquag

tus lej pib

Kev xa tawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv

Hom kev xa tawm

Server los yog VM

cov kev cai kho vajtse

20K

100

30Gbps

Kev xa tawm ua ke lossis faib tawm

1 chav tsev / 2 VM

36Core * 2.2G, 32G nco, 2 * 1G, thiab 2 * 40 G NIC

Daim ntawv khoom

Txhawb ntau yam khoom siv, kev xa tawm kev pabcuam ywj pheej, kev xa tawm virtualization (lub tshuab virtual lossis lub thawv), kev xa tawm huab.

Kev xa tawm yooj yim raws li cov neeg siv khoom xav tau thiab qhov xwm txheej tiag tiag.

Kev tsim kho tus qauv interface, tuaj yeem hloov kho raws li cov neeg siv khoom xav tau, yoog raws li qhov xav tau tiag tiag ntawm cov neeg siv khoom.

kev 15

Txoj kev npaj sib txuas lus

➢ Hom kev xa tawm hauv nruab nrab, nrog rau cov tes hauj lwm me me uas tsim nyog rau cov kev xav tau pheej yig.

kev 16

➢ Hom kev sib txuas lus ib txwm muaj, tsim nyog rau cov tes hauj lwm me thiab nruab nrab

kev 17

  • Yav dhau los:
  • Tom ntej no:

  • Cov Khoom Sib Xws